The aim of this work is to achieve a 100 % renewable and sustainable system and to examine the impact of electrification in the transport sector on the power curve and the integration of renewable energy into the power systems of the Dubrovnik region up to 2050. Nowadays, most attention is paid to electric vehicles in the transport systems and the use of renewable energy in the power systems. New Pathway Emerges to Improve Thin-Film Solar Cell Performance Curiosity and keen observation led to a discovery that may impact the next generation of thin-film solar cellsIn order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, governments seek to replace conventional fuels by renewable ones. NRELs solar research strives to enable reliable, low-cost solar energy at scaleon the grid and beyond the grid. Florida Solar Energy Center Photovoltaic Power Output & IV Curves / Page 1 Key Words: active area efficiency ampere (amp) circuit current direct current (DC) efficiency insolation meter I-V curve load maximum power current (I mp) maximum power point (P mp) maximum power voltage (V mp) module multipurpose meter ohms Ohm’s Law open circuit.
In 2030, smart charge gained better results than a flexible demand. Another method of increasing efficiency is to eliminate the equipment with the most losses.The results for the year 2020 showed no difference between the models. Ultra-high-efficiency transformers are also available that have efficiency ratings above 99.5.
Homer Energy Include Efficiency Curve Software Is A
5 shows the 1850 kW generators efficiency curve used in HOMER simulations.The power system of the Dubrovnik region was set up as an isolated system, and the electric vehicle batteries are the only storage provided. ConclusionsHOMER software is a commercial program developed by the National Renewable. It is also shown that the energy systems which include electric vehicles have a greater impact on the reduction of a critical excess electricity production than the systems excluding electric vehicles.
Promoting the electrification in the transport sector as well as an electricity production based on RES would enable the achievement of these goals. Croatia has also published the ‘Energy Strategy’ following the example of the European Union (EU) which commits to achieve a 20 % production from the renewable energy sources (RES) in the total energy production by 2020. Joining the European Union, Croatia has assumed the obligations of the Directive 2009/28/EC, which among other things require that each member state by 2020 achieves a minimum share of renewable energy in the final energy consumption in transport by 10 %. The transport sector in the European Union participates with a share of 31.7 % in the total final energy consumption and with a share of 20 % in the total greenhouse gas emissions.
On the other hand, RES are proven to reduce electricity prices in the short term as it is shown in the case study carried out for Germany. The results of the study have shown that EVs can have a significant impact on a distributed energy resource investment, provided the payback periods are relatively small. The study presented in analysed the optimal investments and the scheduling of distributed energy resources with uncertainty in the electric vehicle driving schedules. The increased use of electric vehicles (EVs) provides a significant capacity of the distributed battery chargers, being connected to the grid, for creating new possibilities to integrate RES in the power systems. It leads to an increase in the prices of electricity and the overall energy system and limits a wider distribution of RES.
Most of them indicated a need for future work and improvements. Some previous studies have been performed which have considered the integration of RES into the power systems. EVs can represent the containers of the electricity that might be connected to the grid in order to supply the power system during the lack of electricity production from RES, what is also known as a Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) model.
In both cases, a higher percentage of RES would be considered if it were combined with some kinds of electricity storage such as EVs. It is concluded that a share of 50 % is achievable by applying mandatory directives and reducing the electricity consumption. Another case study of Macedonia was performed for a 50 and 100 % share of RES in the power system. The results showed an increase in the RES electricity production by 13 %, a decrease in CO 2 emissions as well as a decrease of critical excess of electricity production. The program runs on an hourly basis and is suitable for the analysis of energy systems of regions and countries. EnergyPLAN is a computer model for an Energy Systems Analysis of the major energy systems.
In a doctoral thesis , Denmark’s power system, with a high penetration of wind energy, was analysed. It was concluded that a 100 % renewable system could be achieved if it is combined with energy storages and if it is not set up as an isolated system.Most of the previous studies indicated the need for energy storage, and one of the possible options is the integration of EVs into the power systems. The importance of the role of storages in the power systems with high penetration of RES is emphasised in a doctoral thesis in order to maintain the security of electricity supply and to have less negative impact on the environment. The authors of the study dealing with a 100 % renewable energy system of Portugal and another study analysing a higher penetration of wind energy into the power system indicated the need of energy storages in order to achieve these goals. The case study of the 100 % renewable power system was done for Croatia , and the result points to the possibility of achieving a 78.4 % share of RES in the electricity production as well as a reduction of CO 2 emissions by 20 Mt. These authors suggested a future analysis of the new tariff models for the electricity prices.
Basic hourly data of the electricity demand and RES potential were taken for the year 2010. The supply side is obtained from RES including hydro, solar and wind potential of the region. In order to achieve a 100 % renewable system, analyses had to be carried out according to both the demand and supply side of the power system. Due to the significant potential of RES, such as solar radiation, hydro and wind energy, the computations should be carried out for a wider area of the Dubrovnik region. It is situated in the southern part of Croatia at 42☃8′25″N and 18☀6′30″E.
The EnergyPLAN program is used to optimize all the components of the electric power system so that the production satisfies the demand. Year 2010 represented the reference year based on which the future energy plan till 2050 was derived for the Dubrovnik region power system, with the selected scenarios for the years 2020, 20. The data on the EVs are based on the gathered information on the number of vehicles in the region and their driving cycles for the year 2010. The regulation of the power system is planned to be carried out using EVs as the energy storage.
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